英语二复习精要

英语二复习精要

 

UNIT 1

1、 word study

objective,accompany,argue,define

①objective 

a.⑴客观的，真实的。⑵如实的，无偏见的。

We have to accept the objective reality as it is.

我们必须接受客观事实。

The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgement.

文学批评家在分析和评价时应尽量不偏不倚。

n.目标，目的。

People work hard to carry out the economic objectives of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.

人们为了实现第九个五年规划的经济目标而努力工作。

My objective for the present is to pass the oral exam.

我目前的目标是通过口试。

②accompany

vt./vi.1、伴随，陪同；2、为。。。伴奏

The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil.

演唱者由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏。

The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog.

这位孤独的老人让他的狗作伴。

All orders must be accompanied with cash.

所有的订货单必须随附现金。

③argue

vt./vi.争辩，争论，辩论

作不及物动词用时，后边可以接with,about或over，for（赞成）或against（反对）。

She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.

她总喜欢为极小的问题进行争论。

He often argues philosophy with James.

他常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。

He argued for immediate action.

他主张立即行动。

They argued against such a policy.

他们反对这种政策。

vt.1、说服；2、用辩论说服

argue into（out of）doing sth..   说服某人做（不做）某事。

I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.

我说服他不做这样危险的旅行。

He argued that man was descended from apes.

他论证人类的祖先是猿。

④define

vt.1、解释，给。。。下定义；2、限定，规定。

Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance through which its point of application moves in the direction of the force.

功的定义是力和力的着力点沿力的方向移动的距离的乘积。

He has defined his position on the issues.

他已表明自己在这些问题上的立场。

 

2、 常考句型

1、决策是在现有的可选做法中所做的选择。P1

A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

2、管理者经常必须对未来的情况下做出最佳的猜测，尽量不存侥幸。P2

Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
3、如果没有选择，就无决策可言。P3

If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.

4、对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等待因素的制约。P3

For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.

5、例如，管理者有时以非此即彼的方式来处理问题。P4

For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.

6、决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中的哪一个是最好的---哪一个对组织目标的实现起作用最大。P6

Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

7、就更大的系统来说，增加研究经费以便改进产品，对该组织更有益。P6

In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

8、有些目标比另一些目标更重要，但其排序和重要性则因人和部门而异。P7

Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .

3、 习题

1.单词英译汉
goal, objective, accomplish, predict, accompany, implement, tendency, achievement, argue, budget, define, entity,
2.词组英译汉
in the way, in part, point of view, contribute to, to apply for, in hand, to turn down
3.句子英译汉
与常考句型相同。

4.Text A 汉译英
决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.
有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
Some people believe almost everything a manager does involves decision.
没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。 
If there is no proper choice, there is no proper decision.
不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
Different people have different ideas about the same problem; their solutions to the problem are, therefore, also different.
决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
Decision makers often play the key role in the development of the business of a company.
Decision makers are usually key people who determine the company's business development.

4、历年试题

1. Almost everything a manager does _______ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)。 

答案是involves . 考点: involve 为谓语动词，应该用一般现在时。

2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _______(make). (99.4)

答案是to be made 。考点：to be made 是动词不定式作定语修饰decision.

3. If you are now_____your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4)

A. in B. at  C. between D. among

答案是 A.

4. Almost everything a manager does_____decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4)

A. imposes  B. improvise C. involves D. indicates

答案为C .

5. When______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.

答案为presented . 考点： present 是过去分词作状语。 

6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_____(make) today may have consequences far into the future.

答案是made . 考点：make 是过去分词作定语， 修饰decision .

7. 汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。  

答案：Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be.

1. 决策的目的是为了实现组织的目标。

答：The purpose of making a decision is to achieve organizational goals.

2. 决策过程对经营管理至关重要。

答： The decision-making process is fundamental to business management.

3. 经理所做的任何事情几乎都与决策有关。

答：Almost everything a manager does involves decision-making.

4. 虽然我们不能预见未来，但应当尽量减少偶然性发生。

答： Although we cannot predict the future, we must try t leave as little as possible to chance.

5. 不同的管理者对同一问题的解释不同。

答： Different manager define the same problem in different terms.

 

 

UNIT 2

1、word study

exert,collapse,lauch,operate

① exert

vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）；施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等）

He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.

他已尽了全力以达到自己的目标。

He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.

他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。

These principles exerted great influence upon the course of the revolution.

这些原则对革命进程产生了很大的影响。

 

② collapse

n.1、倒塌，崩溃，瓦解；2、（健康等）垮掉，（因精疲力竭等原因）倒下

The storm caused the collapse of the wooden shelter.

暴风雨使这个避风雨的木棚倒塌了。

He suffered from a nervous collapse.

他的精神崩溃了。

The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.

政府的倒台使全国陷入混乱之中。

vi.倒塌，崩溃

The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.

屋顶被雪压塌了。

The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.

会谈了几次之后，谈判破裂了。

In the last weeks of the war she collapsed from long imprisonment.

在战争的最后几个星期里她的身体因长期监禁而垮掉了。

 

③ lauch

vt 1、发射，投射；2、使（船）下水

The satellite was launched in a rocket.

这颗卫星是由火箭发射的。

The hunter launched a spear at the wolf.

猎人把矛向狼掷去。

A new ship has been successfully launched.

一条新船已成功地下水。

vt ./vi.发动，发起（运动等）

launch out into 开始，着手进行

Our army launched an attack on the enemy.

我们的军队向敌人发起猛攻。

The police launched an investigation into the case.

警察对此案开展了调查。

The research group launched out into a series of new experiment.

研究小组着手进行了一系列新的实验。

④ operate

vi. 1、运转，起作用；2、动手术（on,upon）

The elevator operates smoothly.

电梯运行顺利。

The medicine gradually operated.

药物逐渐奏效了。

The doctor operated on the neck of the patient.

医生给病人的颈部动手术。

vt.1、操作，操纵，经营；2、对。。。动手术

This airline operates five main lines and dozens of branch lines.

这家航空公司经营五条主干线和十几条支线。

Do you know how to operate the machine?

你知道怎么开这台机器吗？

The doctor operated the patient on the neck.

医生给病人的颈部动手术。

He was operated on for lung cancer.

他因肺癌动了手术。

 

2、常考句型

1、天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一种空间区，物质可以掉进黑洞但任何物质不能逃脱。P1

Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.

2、理论上是这样的：当某些星体的密度增大到某一特定点时便发生爆炸。P2

The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.

3、有人认为圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。P2

Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.

4、假定一个人掉进黑洞，他会认为很快就能到达黑洞中心。P3

If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.

5、只是在近几年天文学家才开始具体研究黑洞。P3

It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6、另一方面，科学家们也在设想，由于有非常先进的技术，人们也许能在将来利用黑洞为人类服务。P5

On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.

3、习题

Unit 2 练习：

1.词汇英译汉：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2.句子英译汉：
1) ~6) 与常考句型相同。
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。
Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。
It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。
The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。
Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。
If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.

 

单元课后练习
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.密度 n. density _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃 v. collapse _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.边界线，边界 n. boundary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恒的，经久不变的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基础，根据 n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.发射，发动 v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.双胞胎之一 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事 n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人类 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推测，猜测 n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞 v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物质 n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情况，环境 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.发生，出现 v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.强烈的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.证据 n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不见的 a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.宇航员 n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.热带的 a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Supernovae____(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still____(have) the same mass, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
3.If one____(make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____(believe) to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____(pull) towards the companion star.
6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____(swallow) up stars at a very rapid rate.
7.The most____(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____(total) different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys.
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____(colour) skins.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)____which matter has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars,____their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner' to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route
8.In August 1977, a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense
[D] individual
10.We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary, But____,matter must behave very differently inside the hole.
[A] in addition
[B] in person
[C] in detail
[D] in theory
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.这个收缩的过程如此强烈，以至于黑洞产生了。
2.直到最近天文学家们才开始研究黑洞。
3.但是从理论上说，物质在黑洞里的行为一定非常不同。
4.黑洞最强有力的证据来自对双星系的研究。
5.有一天也许人类也会遭此命运。

单元自测答案 Unit 2
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.density 2.collapse 3.boundary
4.constant 5.basis 6.launch
7.twin 8.companion 9.mankind
10.speculation 11.swallow 12.inadequate
13.matter 14.circumstance 15.occur
16.intense 17.evidence 18.invisible
19.astronaut 20.tropical
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.were reported 2.having 3.made
4.believed 5.is being pulled 6.swallowing
7.convincing 8.totally 9.consists
10.coloured
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.C
6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.D
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.This process of shrinking is so intense that a black hole results.
2.It is only recently/It is not until recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
3.But in theory, matter must behave very differently/in a very different manner inside the black hole.
4.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
5.Mankind may one day meet this fate.

 

 

 

4、历年试题

 

1. 星体的密度增大到一定程度时就会发生爆炸。  

答： The star will explode when its density increases to some extent.

2. 你能想象黑洞的引力有多大吗？  

答： Can you imagine how strong the gravitational pull of a black hole is ?

3. 假如有人掉进黑洞，他会认为很快能到达黑洞的中心。  

答：If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.

4. 早在17世纪天文学家便对超新星有过报道。  

答： Supernovae were reported by astronomers as early as in the seventeenth century.

5. 他已尽了全力以达到自己的目标。  

答： He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.

 

UNIT 3

1、word study

request,ensure,oppose,burden,open up

① request

n./vt.请求，要求

request后面接for，表示要求的对象；“根据要求”为by(或on) request；“应。。。之要求”则为at sb’s request。

He made a request for immediate help.

他要求立即给予帮助。

Minibuses stop by request.

小公共汽车招手即停。

Instructions will be sent immediately on(upon) request.

说明将按要求立即寄出。

The singer gave one more song at our request.

歌唱家在我们的要求下又唱了一首歌。

Your silence is requested.

请勿说话。

② ensure

vt.保证，担保

ensure后面接against或from，表示“保证。。。免于。。。”；后面接to或for，则表示“保证。。。具有。。。”。

We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way.

我们可以保证把工作做好。

The police can ensure the witness against (或from) danger.

警察能保证证人免受危险。

This measure ensure to (或for) us a voice in the matter.

这项措施使我们在这件事上具有发言权。

③ oppose

vt.1、反对，反抗；2、使相对，使对抗（to）

Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.

由于代价过于高昂，许多人都反对修一条新公路。

To the difficulties she opposed a will of iron.

她用钢铁般的意志对待困难。

What he said was totally opposed to the facts.

他说的与事实完全相反。

We are firmly opposed to this dirty political deal.

我们坚决反对这场肮脏的政治交易。

④ burden

n.1、担子，负担；2、责任，义务

She bore the whole burden of raising two children.

她一个人负起抚养两个孩子的全部责任。

The burden of running the factory is too heavy for his failing health.

管理这家工厂的重担对他日益恶化的健康来说是太重了。

vt.使负重担；麻烦，劳累

The mother was burden with worries.

妈妈忧心忡忡。

Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.

学生家庭作业负担过重。

⑤ open up

1、打开；2、开办，开辟，开发；3、坦诚地或无拘无束地谈话

They opened up his stomach to get at the source of the trouble.

他们给他的胃开了刀，以找出病根。

They opened up a mine in the remote areas.

他们在那个偏远地区开了矿。

They decided to open up a business in the town.

他们决定在城里开一家店。

The girl decided to open up and tell us everything.

这个女孩决定坦诚地告诉我们一切。

2、常考句型

1、范万德尔重病在身，再也不能说清楚话，他知道他没有康复的希望，身体状况正在急剧恶化。P2

Affected with a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.

2、在让自己的医生注射最后结束生命的那一针之前，范万德尔生命中的最后三个月被拍摄了下来，去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。P3

Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.

3、从那时开始，已有20多个国家买下了这个节目，每次播放都引起了对这一话题的全国性大辩论。P3

The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.

4、那些反对安乐死的人实际在告诉我，临终者没有这个权利。P9

What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.

3、习题

1.词汇英译汉
. weaken . deteriorate .debate . legal. request . criterion . ensure . oppose tradition consideration disabled . burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive
词组：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take … into account
2.句子英译汉（重点句）
Affected with a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.
Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.
The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.
 The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .
I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.
3.句子汉译英 P.59
安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。
Euthanasia can really help rid the dying patients of extreme suffering .
Euthanasia does release the dying people from their suffering .
你知道不知道荷兰是欧洲唯一允许安乐死的国家?
Do you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe that permits euthanasia ?
支持这一观点的医生并不意味着他们不关心病人。
Those doctors who support the idea never mean they don’t care about / for patients .
在第一个医生诊断疾病之后，必须由另外一名医生确认病情。
After the first doctor has diagnosed the illness , a second doctor must confirm the case .
反对者认为病人并不一定真正希望结束生命，可能请求之后另有他求。
Opponents think patients may not really want to end their lives, and probably there is another request behind the request .

4、历年试题

1. The film ______（show） Cees Van Wendel’s death was both moving and sensitive. （99.10）
答案： showing . 考点：showing 是现在分词作定语修饰the film .
2. Each time the programmer of Van Wendal’s last days before euthanasia was showed on TV, it starts a nationwide debate ______ the subject. （99.10）
A. for
B. against
C. on
D. of
答案： C . 考点：词组debate on 对… 的争论。
3. 汉译英：每次播放这个节目，都引起对此话题的全国性大辩论。（99.10）
答案： Each time it is shown , this program starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
4. 汉译英 ： 据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死。（00.10）
答案： The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die.
 （ 或者： It is said that the patient has asked the doctor to help him die .）

UNIT 4

1、word study

exploit,campaign,execute,deserve,status,bring over

① exploit

vt.1、开发，开采；2、利用；3、剥削

A mine is exploited for its minertals.

开发矿山是为了采矿。

The student exploits every possibility to learn English.

这个学生利用一切可能性学英语。

The company exploited its workers with long hours and low pay.

该公司用长工时、低工资的方法来剥削工人。

② campaign

n.1、战役；2、运动，参选运动

The Huai-Hai Campaign was essential to the victory of the War of  Liberation.

淮海战役对解放战争的胜利至关重要。

Our country is launching a campaign against waste.

我们国家正在开展反浪费运动。

His presidential campaign succeeded and he won the election.

总统竞选运动取得成功，他当选了。

vi.参加运动，参加竞选活动

They were campaigning to keep the local school open.

他们为使当地学校不致关闭而奔走活动。

The candidates for president campaigned by sending out letters to voters and speaking at public meeting.

总统候选人通过向选民发信和群众集会上讲演来竞选。

vt.使。。。参加运动；对。。。进行活动

Joan is campaigning the government for equal rights for women.

琼对政府进行活动，要求给予妇女同等权利。

 

③ execute

vt.1、实行，执行，完成，贯彻；2、将。。。处死

All orders were immediately executed.

所有的命令都立即执行了。

Your order will be executed as early as possible.

你的命令将尽早执行。

The pianist executed the piece of music perfectly.

这位钢琴家把这首曲子演奏得完美极了。

The criminal was executed after the trial.

审判后罪犯即被处死。

④ deserve

vt.应受，值得（宾语可用名词，动词或动词不定式）

He certainly deserves praise.

他的确应受表扬。

Our band deserves ranking with the best in this country.

我们的乐队在国内当之无愧属于一流。

He deserves to be sent to prison.

他应该被送去坐牢。

由deserve变成的形容词deserving后边用介词of。

The robber is deserving of capital punishment.

这个强盗应处极刑。

The old man was really deserving of pity.

那个老人家实在值得可怜。

⑤ status

n.1、情形，状况；2、地位，身份

We should be always aware of the status of world affairs.

我们应该时刻关注世界形势。

None will question his status as a scholar.

没有人会怀疑他的学者身份。

We should raise the status of women in society.

我们应该提高妇女的社会地位。

⑥ bring over

1、把。。。带来；2、使转变

Next summer he hopes to bring his family over from the united states.

他希望明年夏天把家属从美国带来。

My father is always trying to bring me over to his way of thinking.

我的父亲总想使我接受他的思想方法。

2、重点句型

1、据估计，有20000多海外来的家庭佣人在英国工作。P1

There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. There be 表"存在"的句型。

2、在这20000人中，将近2000人正受着她们的雇主的剥削和虐待。P1

Of these 20,000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.

3、在今年早些时候的几个广为报道的事例中，全世界女佣的悲惨处境得到新闻媒体的很大关注。P3

The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.

4、一名菲律宾女佣因被指控犯有谋杀罪而在新加坡遭处决，尽管各地都抗议说她的犯罪事实不能充分确定。P3

A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.

5、 她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份十分微薄的工资。P5

She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.

6、因为她发现很难养活自己的4个孩子，所以接受了一件在伦敦当佣人的工作。P5

Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.

7、因此如果她们提出申诉，她们就有被驱逐出境的危险。

So if they do complain, they risk being deported.

 

3、习题

1.单词英译汉
domestic，statistic，diplomat，exploit，campaign，execute，convict，
despite，deserving，shelf，minimum，status，deport，
2.句子英译汉
（1）There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.
（2）Of these 20,000 , just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
（3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
（4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
（5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
（7）So if they do complain , they risk being deported.
（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).
（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.
（10）It is, they say, the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子汉译英
（1）处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
（2）正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。
It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.
（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。
She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London .
（4）家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。
The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention .
（5）雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。
The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.

4、历年试题

1. When they get out of prison, they ____(increase) the level of their criminal behavior.

答案：will increase . 考点：时间状语从句中主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。从句谓语动词是get 一般现在时，所以从句用will increase 。

2.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measure to help____domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

A. protect 　　B. suspect 　　C. expect 　　D. inspect

答案是：A . 考点是：protect … from 保护… 免受 …  

3. ________their differences, they fell passionately in love with each other.

A. As for　　 B. Owing to　　 C. Despite 　　D. Through

答案：C . 考点：despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此深爱对方。

Translation

1. 许多家庭佣人受到雇主的剥削和虐待。  

答：Many domestic servants are exploited and abused by their employers.

2. 自去年以来，女佣们的悲惨境况已受到媒体密切关注。  

答：The bad condition of the woman servants has received much media attention since last year.

3. 他经常威胁我，说要将我遣送回国。  

答： He always threatened that he would send me back to my country.

4. 她曾在一家茶叶厂工作，工资很低。

答： She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory.

5. 据估计有两万多名外国家佣在英国工作。  

答： It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.

 

UNIT 5

1、word study

transformation,originate,penetrating,take over,take on

① transformation

n.1、变化，转化；2、改造，改革

His brain operation caused a great transformation in his character.

脑手术大大改变了他的性格。

The transformation of a backward country into an advanced country requires the painstaking efforts of several generations.

将一个落后的国家改变为发达国家需要几代人的艰苦努力。

The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.

一个国家的社会和政治改革对社会的发展非常重要。

② originate

vi./vt.发源；发生，发起

All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.

所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。

The use of steam originated many other reforms.

蒸汽的使用引起了许多其它的革新。

③ penetrating

a.1、穿透的，贯穿的；2、深刻的，透彻的

They walked against the penetrating wind.

他们迎着刺骨的寒风行走。

Her penetrating voice frightened the little boy.

她刺耳的嗓子把小男孩吓坏了。

Swift’s works were most penetrating and powerful.

斯威夫特的作品极为深刻有力。

④ take over

1、接管，接任；2、把。。。从一处运到另一处

The young doctor has taken over duties of the old.

年轻医生已接替了老医生的工作。

When Mr.Green retired, his son took over the business from him.

格林先生退休后，由他儿子接管他的生意。

Mr.Brown took me over to the island in his steamboat.

布朗先生用他的汽艇把我送到该岛。

⑤ take on

1、具有，担任（工作等）；2、雇佣

The disease took on some special characteristics.

那种疾病具有一些特殊的特征。

He has taken on a new job.

他已承担了一项新工作。

The employer takes on twenty more workers.

那位雇主又雇佣了20名工人。

2、重点句型

1、新音乐是从已有的音乐中产生的。P1

The new music was built out of materials already in existence.

2、民间音乐，既有古老又有现代的，在大学生中颇为流行。P1

Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.

3、他们自由地吸收爵士乐、美国乡村音乐的成分。P2

They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music.

4、在家里欣赏唱片的时候，听众尽力模仿照明效果。P4

With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.

 

3、习题

 

（一）单词、词组英译汉
musician rhythmic distinct consciousness originate readily instrument electronic thereby passive participant
to take place to take over to take on in a sense
at a stretch  to serve as  in advance for the sake of
（二）英译汉
1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
2.Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students.
3.They freely took over elements form jazz, from American country music.
4.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.
5.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.
6.Most composers since Beethoven's day belong to this second type.
7.Men like Palestrina and Bach belong in this category.
（三）汉译英
这一章是关于热能转化成动力的。
The chapter is about the transformation of heat into power.
一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。
A group of people got together spontaneously at the scene of the accident.
这次争吵是由误会引起的。
The quarrel originated from a misunderstanding.
1949年后，军队接管了这个城市。
The army took over this city after 1949.
为了你的健康，你不应该承担太繁重的工作。
For your health,you should avoid taking on too much work.

4、历年试题

 

1. In the process of composition , it isn’t easy to be inspired in a spontaneous way for long periods______a stretch..

A. at 　　B. for 　　　C. over 　　　D. in

答案是a 。 考点：词组at a stretch 一口气，连续不断的  

2.汉译英　新音乐是由业已存在的材料构建出来的。  

答案：The new music was built out of material already in existence.

3. 汉译英：那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。

答案：It was folk music that was popular among college students at that time.

4. 汉译英：不用说我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。

答案： It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.

1. 新音乐起源于布鲁斯、摇滚乐和民间音乐。  

答： The new music originated from blues, rock and roll and folk music.

2. 民间音乐表现和平、友谊和希望。  

答： Folk music expresses peace, friendship and hope.

3. 他们已不再是被动的听众而是积极的参与者。  

答： Instead of passive audience, they have become active participants.

4. 他们自由地从不同的音乐来源中吸取元素。

答： They freely took over elements form diverse music sources.

5. 新音乐采取多种形式，几乎具有无限的表现力。  

答：The new music may take on various forms and be capable of expressing an almost limitless range.

 

UNIT 6

1、word study

spray,cast,expose,switch,critical

① spray

n.1、水花，浪花；2、喷雾，喷雾状物

The spray of the waterfall is very beautiful.

瀑布的水花飞溅，非常漂亮。

A spray of bullets hit the tree behind which he was hiding.

一阵喷射的子弹打中了他藏身其后的那棵树。

vt.喷，向。。。喷射，喷涂

Fruit trees are sprayed regularly.

果树应定期喷上杀虫剂。

The students sprayed questions at the teacher.

学生们连珠炮似的向老师提出一个又一个问题。

② cast

vt.1、投，扔，抛，掷（at）；2、投射（光，影，视线等）（on,at）；3、浇铸，铸造

The boy cast a stone at the dog.

那个男孩向那条狗扔了块石头。

His words cast a new light on the problem.

他的话题使人们对这个问题有了新的认识。

The robot can cast steel after being reprogrammed.

在重新设定程序之后，机器人能浇铸钢材。

n.1、投，掷；2、模具；3、演员（阵容）

The Beijing Theatre of  People’s Art has a very strong cast.

北京人民艺术剧院有很强大的演员阵容。

③ expose

vt.1、使暴露，使面临；2、揭露，揭发

The works were exposed to all kinds of weather.

工人们经受风吹雨打。

We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV.

我们应当意识到儿童接触有关暴力电视节目的危害。

He has been widely exposed to the public on the television.

他经常在电视上向公众露面。

The mistakes of the past must be exposed without any reserve.

对以前的错误一定要毫无保留地揭发。

④ switch

n.1、开关，转换器；2、（思路、话题等的）转换

It is two-way switch.

这是个双向开关。

He has made a switch of support from one political party to another.

他已从支持一个政党转而支持另一个政党。

vi.1、转换，改变（思路、话题等）；2、接通。。。电流（on），切断。。。电流（off）

We switched the discussion to another topic.

我们换了一个讨论题目。

Entering the room, he switched the light on.

一进房间，他就把灯打开了。

vt.转换，变换（switch(over)to）

He switched (over) to medicine and graduated in 1980.

他改学医科，于1980年毕业。

⑤ critical

a.1、批评（性）的，批评（性）的；2、对。。。表示谴责，对。。。感到不满的（of）；3、紧要的，关键性的，危急的

He is a man with a critical eye.

他是一个具有批判眼光的人。

It takes years to develop one’s critical ability.

培养评论能力要很长时间。

The old man was critical of the boy’s impolite behaviour.

那个老人不满意男孩的不礼貌行为。

The patient’s condition is critical.

病人情况危急。

2、重点句型

1、目前多数机器人用于汽车工业，它们按编制的程序承担轿车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。P2

Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.

2、机器人也开始在别的工业部门应用，虽然应用的程度低一些。P3

Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. 现在分词短语作定语

3、在核电站使用的机器人处理放射性材料，避免人员接触放射性物质。P3

The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.

4、机器人于自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。P4

Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.

5、在微电子和计算机技术上有专长的工程人员正研制机器人的人工视觉。P5

Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.

6、机器人有了“看”的能力便能在一堆不同类物体中辨别和检查出某一特定类物体。P5

With the ability to "see", robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. to "see"：不定式作后置定语

7、任何想要了解未来工业的人必须要了解机器人。P7

Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

3、习题

 

一.单词、词组英译汉
efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective in that in question plenty of

三、汉译英
1.近几年，机器人的应用越来越广泛和深入。
In recent years, the use of robots is becoming increasingly wider and deeper.
Robots are used more and more widely and deeply in recent years.
Robots have been increasingly used wider and deeper in recent years.
2.新开发的机器人有触觉，可以看见物体，还能做决定。
The newly-developed robots have a sense of touch, are able to see objects, and can make decision as well.
3.机器人在汽车行业应用广泛。
Robots are employed widely in the automotive industry.
The use of robots in the automotive industry is prevalent.
4.感光材料、数字照相机都是照相器材。
Light–sensitive materials and digital cameras are all photographic equipment.
5.机器人与自动化机器有重大的区别。
There is a significant difference between robots and automatic machines.
There are major differences between robots and automatic machines.

4、历年试题

 

1. Most today’s robots are employed in the automotive industry, _____they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting . (99.4)

A. as 　　B. which 　　C. when 　　D. where

答案：D. 考点：where 引导的非限定定语从句，修饰automotive industry。

2. Robots differ from automatic machines in_____after completion of one specific task, they can

be reprogrammed to be another one. (00.4)

A. which 　　B. that 　　C. how　　 D. whether

答案：B. 考点：in that 复合连词引导原因状语从句，表示“在于”。

3. Robots , already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning_____(see) in other

industries as well. (00.4) (01.10)

答案：to be seen 考点：begin to do sth. 所以用动词不定式，而且用被动式。

4. Anyone______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. (00.10)（01.4）  

答案： wanting 考点：动词现在分词作定语修饰anyone。

5.The nations that____actively______(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.

答案：are involved 考点： 词组：be involved in sth.  

6. 汉译英：机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？（00.10）

答案： In what field will robots take over human tasks?

7. It is not yet known_____computers will one day have vision as good as human vision .

A. whether 　　B. if 　　C. that 　　D. how

答案：A . 考点： whether 引导的主语从句。

8. Robots, ______(become) increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed

world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.

答案：becoming 考点：现在分词作状语。

9 . Robots , becoming_____(increase) prevalent in factories , are programmed and engineered

答案： increasingly  

10. 汉译英：今年来，计算机在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。

答案：In recent years, the computer is finding wider and wider application in all fields.

 

UNIT 7

1、word study

attach,underlie,relevant,positive

① attach

vt.1、固定住，系；2、附加，隶属；3、把（重点）放在；4、使喜爱，使依恋

You have to attach a label to a box while posting it.

邮寄箱子时需在箱子上贴上标签。

They provide aid with no conditions attached.

他们提供无附加条件的援助。

We should attach primary importance to a firm and correct political orientation.

我们要把坚定正确的政治方向放在第一位。

He was strongly attached to his home.

他对他的家恋恋不舍。

② underlie

vt.支撑；构成（理论，政策，行为等）的基础

Careful planning underlies all my decisions.

我的全部决定是以周密计划为根据的。

What underlies his lack of interest in work?

什么造成了他对工作缺乏兴趣？

There were deeper tensions underlying last week’s strike.

上星期的罢工背后潜伏着更为深刻的紧张局势。

③ relevant

a.1、贴切的，中肯的；2、与。。。有关的（to）

This is a relevant question.

这是一个中肯的问题。

This point is not really relevant and we had better move on.

这一点并没有什么关联，咱们还是接着谈别的吧。

We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.

我们应该使个人生活与国家的需要挂起钩来。

All evidence relevant to the case should be gathered and analyzed.

所有与本案有关的证据均应搜集和分析。

④ positive

a.1、明确的，确实的；2、积极的，肯定的；3、正的，阳性的

He gave positive instructions.

他给了明确的指示。

I wonder if he can provide positive proof.

我不知道他是否能够提供有力的证据。

Light is a positive thing; darkness is only the absence of light.

光是确实存在的东西，而黑暗只是没有光。

Who can give a positive answer?

谁能给一个肯定的答复？

He always has some positive ideas on company policy.

他对公司的政策总有一些建设性的意见。

The test is positive which shows a particular disease is present.

化验的结果呈阳性，说明确实得了某种病。

 

2、重点句型

1、生活在先进的工业化社会的人们越来越关心休闲的机会。P1

People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.

2、人们赋予带薪休假的重要性和大众娱乐服务的快速发展是日益关注这一问题的标志。P1

The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.

3、对休闲的具体利用人与人不同。P4

The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.

4、由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事，个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好，并以能为自己带来享受和满足的方式参与某项活动。P6

Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one’s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.

5、基本上说，上述态度等同于一个认识：休闲是生活的一个重要方面；等同于一个信念：休闲能够并且应该充分利用。P7

Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and of a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.

6、比如，学校鼓励参加游戏、运动和文化活动的程度和方式可能对形成学生的休闲态度起一定的作用。P9

For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.

7、学校常常把达到个人均衡发展设定为它们的教育目的。P10

Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.

8、对此追求得越认真，就越可能鼓励人们对待休闲和学术工作持积极态度。P10

The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.

3、习题

 

一、英译汉重点单词词组： 
1.research 2.attach 3.underlie 4.relevant 5.positive
6.possession 7.desirable 8.relaxation 9.occupation 10.urban
11.acquire 12.participation
be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective

二、英译汉重点句子
1~8.与重点句型相同。

三、汉译英
1.生活质量这一术语涉及很广泛。
The term"quality of life" covers a very wide scope.
2.在生活节奏快，工作压力大的社会中，放松一下有利于健康。
In a fast-paced stressful society, it is good for health to set aside some time to relax oneself.
It's good for one's health to find time to relax in a society of fast-paced and stressful work.
3.人们的兴趣和爱好与社会环境和个人学习经历有关。
People 's interests and hobbies are related to social contexts and their learning experiences.
People's interests and preferences are all related to social contexts and individual learning experiences.
4.积极的休闲态度是鼓励人们创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。
The positive attitude towards leisure is the foundation to encourage people's creative use of their spare time.
A positive leisure attitude is the foundation for motivating people to use their leisure in a creative way .
5.研究与观察结果表明，人们越来越关心生活的质量。
The findings of research and observation indicate that people are more and more concerned with the quality of life.
Observations and researches indicate that people are increasingly concerned with the quality of life.

4、历年试题

1. A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can_____(take) care of properly. (99.4)

答案：be taken 。 考点： 情态动词的被动语态。

2. Since leisure is basically self-determined, one should get involved_____an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction . (99.4)

A. in 　　　B. of　　　 C. towards 　　　D. with

答案： A . 考点：词组 get /be involved in 参与… ；卷入…  

3. The importance of these_____(vary ) according to the nature of one’s job and one’s lifestyle. (99.10)

答案：varies 考点：一般现在时单数第三人称形式。

4. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also _____(keep ) you up to date on your class assignments and projects.  答案

答案：keep 。 考点：not only 与but also 后的词的形式应一致。

5. The specific use of leisure______from individual to individual. (00.4)

A. ranges　　 B. distinguishes　　 C. varies 　　D. covers

答案 ：C。分析：此题考查不及物动词vary 的用法。搭配为：vary … from … to 各不相同。

6. The more time you waste, the____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.(00.4)

答案：easier 。 考点：the more … the more 句型，表示“越… 越…”。

7. Such attitudes amount to a belief____leisure can and should be put to good use. (01.4)

A. which　　 B. if　　 C. whether　　 D. that

答案：that 。 考点：that 引导同位语从句修饰belief 。

8. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to____ on your class assignments and projects. (01.4)

A. day B. date C. number D. time

答案：B。 考点： 词组 up to date 最新的，keep you up to date 表示跟得上….  

9 . 汉译英：人们越来越关注休闲的机会。(99.4)

答案： People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.  

10. 汉译英：众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人使用的方式也不同。(00.4)

答案： It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used different by different individuals.

1. 在工业化国家人们越来越关心休闲的机会。  

答：People in the industrialized countries are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.

2. 为什么他们对带薪休假那么重视呢？  

答： Why do they attach so much importance to paid holidays?

3. 对休闲的具体利用是因人而异的。  

答： The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.

4. 我们所接触的人可能对我们休闲态度产生某种影响。

答： The people with whom we come into contact may exert some influence on our attitudes toward leisure.

5. 学校教育的目的之一是使学生得到均衡发展。  

答： One of the educational objectives of school is to attain a balanced development of students.

 

UNIT 8

1、word study

proceeding,alarm,promote

① proceeding

n.1、程序，进程；2、【pl】项目，活动，会议文集

That is by no means the best way of proceeding.

那决不是最好的行动方式。

He opened today’s proceedings in several short sentences.

他简短地说了几句就开始了今天的会议。

He brought divorce proceedings against his wife.

他诉请与妻子离婚。

The proceedings were published 6 months after the conference.

论文集已于会议结束后半年出版。

② alarm

n.1、警报；2、惊恐

The alarm system went wrong and created a false alarm.

报警系统失灵，引起一场虚惊。

He didn’t take alarm at the news.

他听到消息后并不吃惊。

vt.1、向。。。报警，使警觉；2、使。。。惊恐，打扰

I was quite alarmed last night at the cry of “fire”.

昨晚有人大呼救火，使我大吃一惊。

Heavy trucks alarmed one all night.

载重汽车声整夜使人不得安宁。

③ promote

vt.1、促进，发扬；2、提升，升级；3、发起，创办

He was promoted to director.

他被提升为厂长。

It is believed that taking a walk after meals promote digestion.

人们认为饭后散步促进消化。

The salesman promotes the sales of remote-control TV sets and VCRs.

那个推销员推销遥控电视机和录像机。

The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.

那个钢琴家筹办了一次盛大的义演音乐会。

 

2、常考句型

1、喷气飞行时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候都会碰到的问题。P1

The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.
2、乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更让人失调。P2

The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.

3、他后来把自己在谈判中的判断失误归咎于时差。P3

He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.

4、既然我们懂得了喷气飞机时差综合症是怎么回事，我们就能够在解决它方面有所作为。P5

Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.

5、另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内，这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时，是的，25小时---的生理节奏。P6

The other belongs in our internal clocks which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour – yes, 25 – rhythm.

6、经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会重新自我调整过来，但这需要时间。P8

In time, the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.

7、出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。P9

One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.

8、不可能等上4天直到身体习惯新的时区。P10

It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.

 

3、习题

 

（一）词汇英译汉：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame… on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
（二）句子英译汉：
1.~ 8. 与重点句型相同。

9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep, whenever in the day that sleep occurs.(para.9)
10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.(para.13)
（三）句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness, while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body's regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.

4、历年试题

 

1.In practical application, concentration is not_____the definition may imply. (99.4)

A. as simple to deal successfully with as

B. so simple to deal successfully with that

C. simpler to deal successfully with as that

D. as same simple to deal successfully with as

答案：A。 考点：本题主要考查as … as 搭配表示“和…. 一样”。而选项D 中as 的后面还有一个词same 。 因为same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与as … as 意义重复，因此不选D。

2. Understand what Jet Lag is , and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects,____.（99.10）

A. your flight will be less stressful

B. and your flights will be less stressful

C. or your flights will be less stressful

D. in order that your flights will be less stressful

答案：B。 分析：本句是一个and 连接的并列句。因此只有B符合题意。

3. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances____at night. (00.4)

A. it 　　B. them 　　　C. the coffee　　 D. the body

答案：A。 分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的宾语应是the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词it 代替。

4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。(00.10)

答案：The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.

5. The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which , left___, would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. (03.4)

A. behind　　 B. alone　　 C. out 　　D. aside

答案： B . 考点： 本题主要考查词组：leave alone 不管，不理，把…放在一边。

1. 快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。  

答： The effects of rapid travel on the body are much greater than we realize

2. 他后来把自己的错误判断归咎于时差反应。  

答：He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.

3. 食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而碳水化合物使人易于入睡。  

答： Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness while carbohydrates promote sleep.

4. 在外语学习中没有捷径可走。

答： There is no short cut in the study of a foreign language.

5. 为了克服时差反应我们能做些什么呢？  

答： What can we do in order to overcome Jet Lag?

 

 

UNIT 9

1、word study

approximate,proportion,appreciation,acknowledge,neglect

① approximate

a.近似的，大约的

The approximate number of immigrants is two million.

移民数目大约为两百万。

The approximate length of a meter is 40 inches.

一米大约为40英寸。

vt.1、近似，接近；2、使接近（在直接宾语后用介词to）

Your account of what happened approximates the real facts, but there are some small inaccuracies.

你对发生的情况的描述接近实际情况，但有些小的出入。

We try to approximate the operating temperature to the optimal value.

我们努力使工作温度接近最佳值。

vi.接近（其词义与及物动词相同，只是后面接介词to）

Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts.

你对发生的情况的描述接近实际情况。

② proportion

n.比率，比例

in proportion to 表示“与。。。成比例”； out of proportion  表示“与。。。不成比例”

The proportion of births to the population is increasing.

人口出生率在上升。

A large proportion of the earth surface is ocean.

地球表面的大部分是海洋。

The camel possesses strength in proportion to its size.

骆驼的力气与它的身体大小成比例。

His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability.

他的收入与他的技术及能力很不相称。

vt.使成比例；使相称

The soldier proportioned his pace to the march.

战士调制步子以便与行军的步伐一致。

③ appreciation

n.1、欣赏，鉴赏；2、正确评价；3、感激，感谢

A person with an appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job.

一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。

Rabbits have a well-known appreciation for family life.

众所周知，兔子有重视家庭生活的习性。

We take this opportunity of expressing our sincere appreciation of your help.

对你们的帮助，我们趁这个机会向你们表示衷心的感谢。

They are mistaken in their appreciation of the country’s economic conditions.

他们对国家经济形势的判断是错误的。

④ acknowledge

vt.1、承认；2、表示谢意

He acknowledged his own faults.

他承认了自己的过失。

The sales department acknowledged my order form.

销售部表示收到了我的订货单。

The minister acknowledged his adviser’s services to the city.

部长就他的顾问对城市的贡献表示感谢。

⑤ neglect

vt./n.忽视，忽略；疏忽

They neglected his warning.

他们对他的警告置之不理。

The secretary was fired for neglecting her duty.

那个秘书因疏于职守而被解雇。

Agriculture is somewhat neglected in that district.

农业在那个地区有些不受重视。

The old man lives alone in neglect.

这个老人孑然一身无人照管。

2、常考句型

1、如果一个国家人口中7%或以上的人满65岁或超过65岁，就被列为“老龄国”。P1

Nation classified as "aged" when they have 7 percent of more of their people aged 65 or above.

2、一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄---至少对任何能关系到我们现在的未来是这样的。P1

The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now.

3、当然你现在年龄越大，这种比例就越高，如果你是女人，这比例还应该更高。P5

The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman.

4、如果你现在30多岁，你应当知道你可以指望活到60岁后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。P5

If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.

3、习题

 

一、词汇英译汉：
1.classify　2.approximate　3.proportion　4.appreciation 5.acknowledge　6.alter　7.lengthen　8.wealthy　9.neglect　10.expectation
1.to approximate to 2.resistance to 3.to cope with 4.attribute … to

二、句子英译汉：
1.~4. 与常考句型相同。

5.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others.
look down upon : 看不起…； 轻视… ;
6.without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.
7.It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.
8.it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self.

三、句子汉译英
1.老龄化已成为一个社会问题。
Aging has become a social problem.
2.人们反对这一看法来自于出生率的下降。
The resistance to the idea is caused by the falling of birthrates.
The fall of birthrate resulted in people's objection to the idea.
3.人们寿命的长短取决于种种因素。
The length of life depends on various factors.
Expectation of life is due to various factors.
4.估计寿命是预计一个人能活得平均年数。
Expectation of life is the average numbers of years that a person is expected to live.
The expectancy of life is the prediction of average years a person can live.
5.长寿在改变我们的生活，改变我们的社会。
Long life is altering our life as well as our society.
Long life is changing our lives, changing our society.

4、历年试题

 

1.Your account of what happened yesterday approximates _____ the real facts. （99.10）
A. near
B. of
C. to
D. upon
答案：C。考点：此题考查词组approximate to 表示“与…接近”。
2.汉译英：正是由于出生率下降了，我们的社会才变得如此老龄。(99.10)
It is because the birthrate fell that our society had grown so old.
3.Nations are _______ as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
A. limited
B. classified
C. originated
D. processed
(00.4)
答案：B。本题考查词组：classify as 表示把… 列为。
4.汉译英：一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，其人口便越老龄化。(00.10)
The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is.
5.If you are now _____ , you ought to pay more attention to your health. (01.4)
A. in the fifties
B. in your fifties
C. in fifties
D. in your fifty
答案：B. 本题主要考查词组in your fifties 表示"在你50岁时"。
6.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population
Growth, the ______(old) its population is likely to be. (01.10)
答案：older。本题主要考查“the + 形容词比较级…. the +形容词比较级”的用法。
7.In his composition there were no other errors ____ a few misspelled words. (02.4)
A. beside
B. except
C. then
D. than
答案：D。本题主要考查词组"no other … than "的用法，表示“除了…外，没有… ”。
8.We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere ______(appreciate) of your help. (02.4)
答案：appreciation 。本题中sincere 是形容词，因此后面接名词。Appreciate 是动词，其名词形式是appreciation .

 

UNIT 10

1、word study

decline,impact,stir,provision

① decline

vi.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱；3、谢绝，拒绝

The production of natural gas declined slightly.

天然气的生产略有下降。

His strength slowly declined.

他的体力慢慢地衰弱了。

A blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the street.

盲人微笑着谢绝别人帮他过马路。

vt.谢绝，拒绝

He respectfully decline the invitation.

他有礼貌地谢绝了邀请。

n.1、下倾，下降；2、衰退，衰弱

The customs figures show a steady decline in British trade.

关税数字表明英国的贸易在持续下降。

We are studying the decline and fall of ancient Rome.

我们正在研究古罗马的衰亡。

② impact

n.1、冲击，碰撞；2、效果，影响

The storm of the world revolution has powerful impact on imperialism.

世界革命风暴对帝国主义有强大的冲击力。

The book Ten That Shook the World made a great impact on its readers.

《震撼世界的十天》这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。

vt.装紧，压紧

The ground had been impacted by many people walking across it.

因为走的人多，地面被踏得坚实了。

③ stir

vt.1、搅拌，搅动；2、激起，打动

You should stir the sugar in your coffee with a spoon.

你应该用汤匙搅动咖啡里的糖。

We all deeply stirred by the beauties of nature.

我们都被大自然的美深深地打动了。

vi.微动，活动

I read Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises through to the end without stirring from the table.

我一步不移地坐在桌前把海明威的《太阳照样升起》读完。

n.惊动，轰动

The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world.

这项发明将在全世界引起轰动。

④ provision

n.1、供应，供应品；2、条款，规定；3、【常pl】给养，口粮

Provision of shelter was the Red Cross’s main concern for the disaster victims.

为灾民提供避难处是红十字会的主要工作。

Necessary provision has been made against flood.

已为防洪做了必要准备。

You should save up money to make provision for the future.

你们应该存些钱，为将来做些准备。

You can do so under the provisions of a new foreign aid bill.

根据新的援外法案的条文，你可以这样做。

Provisions are kept in the storehouse.

储备的口粮存放在仓库里。

 

2、重点句型

1、候选人都想尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导者的形象。P4

Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.

2、选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。P4

Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate’s personal characteristics.  此句注意主语从句作主语。

3、一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。P4

A year later, with the nation’s economy in trouble, Bush’s approval rating dropped below 40 percent.

4、候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜。P6

Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population.

5、在1992年，，克林顿仅获得民众选票的43%，相比之下，布什是38%，佩罗是19%。P6

Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.

3、习题

 

一、词汇英译汉：
1.election 　2.vote　　　3.certainty　4.loyalty 　5.decline
6.democrat 　7.strategy　8.pursue 　　9.impact 　10.headquarters
11.economy　12.stir 　　13.congress 　14.representative
to identify…as impact on

二、句子英译汉：
1.~ 5. 与重点句型相同。
6.In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
7.Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination at his Ohio home, stayed there throughout most of the campaign, and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans.
8.“The Economy, Stupid.”The slogan was the idea of James Carville, Clinton's chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush.

三、句子汉译英
1.在美国每四年举行一次总统大选。
The presidential election takes place every four years in the United States.
2.多数党被提名者得到的支持率往往高出少数党候选人。
A majority party nominee usually has the advantage of support over a minority party one.
A major-party nominee always gets higher approval rating than a minor-party nominee.
3.策略在总统竞选中起关键性的作用。
Strategies play a critical role in the election.
Strategy is critical in the presidential election.
4.为了争取选票，总统候选人特别关注那些重要的州。
To win the presidency, a candidate is particularly concerned with winning the states which are important.
In order to get the votes, presidential candidates are concerned with those important states.
5.美国有十几个政党，其中只有两个党是主要党。
There are about a dozen political parties in America, only two of which are major parties.

4、历年试题

 

1.Victory in the eleven ______（large） states alone would provide an electoral majority. （99.10）
答案：largest。此题主要考查large 的最高级。
2.Even Democrat George McGovern, _____ had the lowest level of party support among recent
Nominees, was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his party's voters. （99.10）
A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.which
答案：A. who 引导的非限定性定语从句。
3.汉译英：这与其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。（00.4）
答案：This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal characteristics.
4.In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ______（begin） in the 1930s. （00.10）
答案：began。此题考查过去时，因为有一个明显的过去时间状语“in the 1930s”。
5.Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to _____ the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. （01.4）
A.make it possible
B.make possible
C.make possibly
D.make it possibly
答案：B.本题中make 的宾语太长，所以放到了宾补possible 的后面。“make … possible”
表示“使…成为可能”。
6.In deciding _____ a course of action, the candidate tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. （02.4）
A.what to pursue
B.which to pursue
C.whether to pursue
D.if to pursue
答案：C.分析：所要填的空是deciding 的宾语。而pursue 后面的宾语是a course of action。 选项A “what to pursue”, what 是宾语。选项B 中，which 也是作主语或宾语。选项D. 语法结构不对，因此选C.
7.A major-party nominee has the critical advantage in the campaign for the presidential election _______ he has the support from the party faithful. （ 03 ，10 ）
A.in that
B.in which
C.for which
D.for that
答案：A “在于”（复合连词表示原因）

Translation

1. 众所周知，美国总统选举每四年一次。  

答： It is well known that presidential elections occur in the United States every 4 years.

2. 克林顿那时始终把竞选的注意力集中在国家缓慢发展的经济上。  

答： At that time Clinton always kept the campaign focused on the nation’s slow-developing economy.

3. 候选人都想尽力表现出一种强有力的领袖形象。  

答： Candidate try to project a strong leadership image.

4. 选民们是否接受这一形象更取决于外在因素。   答案 

答：Whether voters accept this image depends more on external factors.

5. 候选人特别关注如何在人口最多那些州获胜。  

答： Candidates are particularly concerned with how to win the states which have the largest population .

 

UNIT 11

1、word study

replace,litter,refine,reproduce

① replace

vt.1、把。。。放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2、更换，以。。。替代

The airline is currently replacing its DC10s with DC Super 80s.

这家航空公司正在用DC超80飞机取代DC10飞机。

Please replace the newspaper after reading.

报纸阅后请放回原处。

② litter

n.1、（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2、杂乱无章；3、（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4、【总称】乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物）

vt.1、为（动物）铺草；2、（多产动物）产（仔）；3、乱丢

The boxes are filled with litter for the small animals to live in.

箱子里铺满干草以便小动物能够在里边住。

The children picked up all the litter on the playground.

孩子们把乱扔在操场上的废纸等杂物都拾了起来。

I was surprised to see his room in such a litter.

我看到他的房间如此乱七八糟感到惊讶。

Please don’t litter.

请不要乱丢东西。

Please don’t litter the room.

请不要在屋里乱扔东西。

Please don’t litter waste papers round the room..

请不要在屋里乱扔废纸。

③ refine

vt.1、提纯，精制；2、使精美，使完善

They have built a factory to refine cane sugar.

他们建了一个提炼蔗糖的工厂。

He has refined his manners.

他已使自己的举止仪态变得高雅完美。

Reporters tried to refine their questions to draw their expected response.

记者们力图把问题提得巧妙，以便引起他们所期望的答复。

④ reproduce

vt.1、繁殖；2、再生产，再生长（器官）；3、复制；4、再现，重现

There are animals which can reproduce a lost part of their bodies.

有些动物能使身体上失去的某部分再生。

Frogs reproduce themselves by laying eggs.

青蛙通过产卵繁殖。

A tape-recorder will reproduce your lecture.

录音机将放出你的讲课录音。

He reproduced the painting by photography.

他通过照相复制了那副油画。

The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.

十年前的情形今天又重现了。

2、常考句型

1、使用动物对于发展麻醉学具有至关重要的作用。P2

The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.

2、用动物进行研究与我们的健康无关，它产生的后果常常起误导作用。P4

Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.

3、人和动物对药物的反应不同，身体作用的方式也不同。P4

People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.

4、如果把还没有在动物身上彻底实验过的药物用在人身上，那是完全不负责任和不道德的。P5

It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.

5、计算机模型的最终目的是减少用作实验对象的动物数量。P6

The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.

6、现在已有很多别的新技术，使更多的研究能在试管里进行，以便发现化学药品是否产生有害的生物效果。P7

Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.

7、用于实验室实验的动物数量在过去20年中已经减少。P8

The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.

8、这部分地是由于采用替代的方法，部分地是由于实验比以前设计的更好，所以需要的动物就少了。P8

This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used.

9、该系的大卫莫顿教授正在进行动物研究，他热心于尽可能地减少动物的痛苦。P9

Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.

10、这包括把它们豢养在更符合要求的笼子里。P9

This includes keeping them in more suitable cages. include 后面接动名词作宾语。

11、在美国，进行一次神经再生实验要在老鼠腿上切掉一大段神经。P10

In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg.

12、例如当研究心脏病和它对身体的影响时，或者当研究大脑疾病时，我们没有充分的代用品来代替动物。P12

When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. When it comes to 当提到…的时候

3、习题

 

1.动物研究对人类医学的发展做出了重大的贡献。
Animal research has made great contributions to human medical development.
Animal research has contributed a great deal to the development of human medicine.
2.动物研究是否与人体健康有关，人们持不同态度。
People have different ideas about whether animal research is relevant to human health.
3用于实验的动物数量在过去二十年中已大大减少了。
The number of animals used in experiments has declined greatly over the past 20 years.
研究的新成果表明，少数实验可以放弃使用动物。
4.The new research findings show that a few experiments can be done without using animals.
The new development in research has shown that a small proportion of tests can be done without using animals.
5.尽管医学技术越来越先进，但完全停止使用动物做实验仍然很远。
Although medical techniques are becoming more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
Although medical technique becomes more and more advanced, stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.

4、历年试题

 

1. The number of animals used in laboratory tests____(decline) over the last 20 years. (99.10)

答案： has declined 。 考点：本句中 over the last 20 years 是明显的表示现在完成时的时间状语。因此本句用现在完成时。  

2. To assume the care for the pets can help bring  the____humanity in our children and even in us adults. (99.10)

A. about　　 B. in 　　C. out 　　D. up  答案

答案： C 。考点： 本题主要考查词组 bring out 表示“使显示，显现；生产，使产生”

3. It is touching to see how a cat or dog – especially a dog – itself to family and wants to share in all its goings and comings. (00.4)

A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches

答案： D 。考点：本题主要考查词组 attach … to 表示“把 … 附加到，使 … 与 … 相关”。

4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals____(use) in experiments many decrease. (00.10)

答案： used 。考点：本题主要考查 used 过去分词 做定语修饰 animals 。

5. Some people think that animal research is irrelevant____our health and that it can often produce misleading results. (01.4)

A. with　　 B. at　　 C. on　　 D. to  

答案： D 。本题主要考查词组 be irrelevant to 表示“与 … 不相关”。

6. 汉译英：他的肤色与他是否是个好教授没有关系。  

答案： The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not

7. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping_____(test) on animals altogether is a long way away.

答案： testing 。本题主要考查词组 stop doing sth. 停止做某事。

Translation

1. 有人认为用动物进行实验根本没有必要。  

答： There are those who think the test on animals are simply unnecessary.

2. 人和动物对药物的反应并不相同。  

答： People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs.

3. 新技术使我们容易找到代替动物实验的方法。  

答： New technology makes it easy for us to find alternative methods of testing on animals.

4. 正是狗教会我们忠诚和奉献，而猫却对此一无所知。  

答： It is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion that no cat ever knows.

5. 照料小猫们有助于培养孩子的人情味。  

答： Caring for cats can help bring out the humanity in children.

 

UNIT 12

1、word study

spur,confront,reflection,drift

① spur

n.1、踢马刺；2、刺激（物），鼓励；鼓舞

This book is a spur to the child’s intellect and imagination.

这本书激发了那个孩子的智力和想象力。

vt.1、用踢马刺催促（马）；2、激励，鞭策

He spurred his horse and ran away.

他用踢马刺策马，跑开了。

The thought of the prize spurred me on.

要夺奖的思想激励着我前进。

② confront

vt.1、面对，遭遇；2、正视；对抗

Escape being impossible, the rabbit turned to confront the dog.

逃跑是不可能的，兔子就转过头来和狗对抗。

The disease confronted him with death.

疾病使他面临死亡。

The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome.

我们所面临的困难无法克服。

如果用被动时态，则confronted后用with或by。

We are confronted by many difficulties.

我们面临许多困难。

The explorers were confronted with many challenges.

探险者遇到了许多挑战。

③ reflection

n.1、反射，反映，映像；2、沉思，考虑

The reflection of light confused us.

反光使我们头晕眼花。

The reflection of the sun was blinding.

反射的太阳光令人目眩。

This poem is a reflection of my mood at the time I wrote it.

这首诗反映了我执笔时的心情。

He was looking at his reflection in the mirror.

他看着自己在镜中的映像。

After some reflection the manager granted the request.

经理稍一思索，便允许了请求。

④ drift

n.1、漂流；2、倾向，趋势

The weather forecast reported an easterly drift of wind.

天气预报报告风向偏东。

The general drift of affairs was towards war.

总的势态是趋向战争。

vi.漂流；漂泊

We watched the leaves drift down the stream.

我们看着树叶沿小河漂去。

Our conversation drifted from one topic to another.

我们的话题换了又换。

In order to find a job, he drift from California to Toronto.

为找到一份工作，他从加利福尼亚漂泊到多伦多。

vt.使漂流

The snow was drifted in great piles against the house.

雪被风吹到房子旁边，积成一堆一堆的。

2、常考句型

1、梦幻最好也不过被认为是对生活中的实际事物的一种补偿性的替代。P1

At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
2、总有那么一些人，他们用想入非非的生活来代替从实际活动中得到的好处。P2

There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.

3、大部分人受梦幻过少而不是过多之苦。P2

Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.

4、不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力变差，他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损害。P2

Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence, but also their self–control and self-direction become endangered.

5、但它的好处不只这些。P3

But its beneficial effects go beyond this . Go beyond 表示"超越…， 不仅仅是…"
6、在历史上，科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人。P7

Historically , scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments. Take advantage of 利用

7、无论何时他遇到好像一个解决不了的问题时，他会躺在实验室沙发上，四肢舒展，让各种幻觉涌满他的脑海。P7

Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind.

8、你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者，这将有助于你取得成就。P10

Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success.

9、重要的是要记住，你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了它们那样。P11

The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them.

 

3、习题

 

一、词汇英译汉：
1. symptom 2. intellectual 3. detail 4. initial
5. inventor 6. confront 7. sensitivity 8. reflection
9. creativity 10. character 11. trace 12. modest
词组：
13. investment 14. to substitute … for 15. be contrary to 16. to put off
17. be confronted with 18. to gaze at
19. be unaware of 20. to impress…on
21. be free from 22. be beneficial to
二、句子英译汉：
1.~9. 与常考句型相同。
三、汉译英
1.最近的研究成果表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。
Recent research shows / indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life .
2.白日做梦不仅有利于心态平衡，而且能提高人们的自控力。
Daydreaming is not only beneficial to the mental balance, but also to enhance one's ability of self-control.
Daydreaming can not only help maintain emotional balance , but also improve one's self-control .
3.历史上许多科学家与发明家曾充分利用白日梦。
Historically, many scientists and inventors have taken full advantage of daydreaming.
Many scientists and inventors in history took full use of daydreaming.
4.有的作曲家在作曲时几乎像进入了很深的白日梦状态。
While composing, some composers seem to approach a state of deep daydreaming.
Some composers seemed to approach a state of deep daydreaming while they were composing.
5.在梦境中不要将自己描绘成失败者而应该是成功者。 
Picture yourself as a winner rather than loser in your daydream.
Picture yourself in your daydream as winning rather than defeated.

 

4、历年试题

 

1. According to Dr. Kramer,_____people who appear in your dreams,_____you are on awakening. （ 99.10 ）

A  as many … as happy 　　　　B  the more… the more happy C  the more… the happier 　　 D　the most … the happiest

答案： C 。考点：本题主要考查 the + 比较级， the + 比较级，结构是“越 … , 越 … ”

2. Hold a picture of yourself long and steadily enough____your mind's eye, and you will be drawn toward it . (99.10)

A. at　　 B. in 　　C. before　　 D. in front of  

答案： B 。考点：本题主要考查词组 in one's mind's eye 意思是“在脑海中”。  

3. In the past two decades, research_____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams. (00.4)

答案： expanded 。本题主要考查现在完成时。“ in the past two decades ”经常是表示现在完成时的时间状语。  

4. It has been proved that their best ideas seem____(occur) when they were relaxing. (01.4)

答案： to have occurred 。 考点：本题主要考查 seem 后面要加动词不定式完成式作宾语。

5. 汉译英：科学家正在研究为什么白日梦会有益于人们的健康。 (01.4)  

答案： Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial to people's health.  

6. A life____(live) without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed. （ 02.4 ）

答案： lived 。考点： lived 是过去分词作定语修饰 life 。 词组“ live a …life ”表示过着 … 样的生活。

词汇精讲

daydream vi./n. 白日做梦 

symptom n. 症状，征兆

Most infections are contagious before any symptoms are noticed.

大多数传染病在症状被发现之前已具有传染性。

He recognizes the symptoms, but refuses to admit that he has marital problems.

他承认这些征兆，但不愿承认自己的婚姻发生了问题。 

 

UNIT 13

1、word study

compel,undertake,coincide,gamble,go in for

① compel

vt.强迫（compel…to或compel…to sth）

They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day.

他们常常不得不每天工作12或14小时。

He always tried to compel me to his will.

他总是想逼我服从他的意愿。

The performance compelled tears from the audience.(=…compel the audience to shed tears)

表演使观众感动得落泪。

② undertake

vt.1、着手做，进行；2、承担，从事，进行；3、承担，答应（to）

The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case.

警察对这个案件着手进行了细致和全面的调查。

We undertook to reach home before dark.

我们争取天黑以前到家。

Do you know the lawyer who undertook the case?

你认识负责处理此案的律师吗？

Reluctantly he undertook the task.

他勉勉强强地接受了这一使命。

He undertook to preserve a strictly neutral position.

他承诺严守中立。

③ coincide

vi.一致，相符（with）

The centres of the two circles coincide.

这两个圆的圆点重合。

They cannot go to the theatre together because his free time never coincide with hers.

他们不能一起去看戏，因为他和她从来都不是同时有空。

The judges didn’t coincide in opinion.

法官们意见不一。

④ gamble

vi./vt.1、赌博，打赌（on）；2、投机，冒险

They gambled on the result of a competition.

他们对竞赛的结果打赌。

The young man has gambled everything away.

那个年轻人把什么都输掉了。

I wouldn’t gamble on Jim‘s paying the bill if I were you.

假如我是你，我不会期望杰姆付账的。

He gambled his savings to start a small shop.

他孤注一掷用自己的积蓄开了一家小商店。

n.1、赌博；2、投机，冒险

The operation may not succeed; it’s a gamble whether the patient lives or dies.

手术可能不成功，病人的生死是一次冒险。

⑤ go in for

1、参加，从事；2、以。。。为兴趣，爱好

I’m going to go in for the final examination next week.

下星期我将参加期末考试。

As my intellect is not adapted for science, I must go in for art.

我的头脑不适应科学，我应该学艺术。

What sports do you go in for?

你喜欢哪些体育项目？

In our department, every student goes in for after-school activities.

我们系的每个学生都喜欢课外活动。

2、常考句型

1、如果社会强迫他去做他不乐意的事，他就不可能真正快乐。P1

He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.

2、劳作或工作，不取决于工作本身，而取决于从事这项工作的人喜好。P3

Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.

3、比如，这二者区别与体力劳动脑力劳动之间的区别并不是一致。P3

The difference does not , for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job.

4、因此他会很自然地想象自己被迫劳动的时间越短自由娱乐的时间越长就越好。P3

So that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.

3、习题

 

一、单词词组英译汉：
1.compel 2.voluntary 3.undertake 4.coincide 5.manual
6.efficiency 7.compulsion 8.division 9.eliminate 10.boring
11.amusement . so far as …knows . to coincide with . attitude toward . to go in for

二、句子英译汉：
1.~4. 与常考句型相同。
5.This instinct has to do with the political nature of work itself, something every modern worker understands. (para.3)
6.The bosses want more from the worker than they are willing to give in return. (para.3)
7.A good worker in a key spot could , so long as he kept up production , take all the coffee breaks he wanted.(para.3)
8.I have searched my mind in vain for a polite way to tell that reader to go to hell. (para.4)
9.If you are that reader, I would recommend that you abandon your outrage and begin thinking abut doing something similar for yourself. (para.5)
10.They also like it for another reason, even if they will not admit it : it makes it very difficult for the worker to do anything other than work.
other than 除了… 以外

三、汉译英
1.如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事，他不可能高兴。
He can't be happy if he is compelled to do what he doesn't enjoy doing.
If he is compelled to do what he is unwilling to do, he cannot be happy.
2.一件工作被算成是劳作还是工作取决于个人的喜好。
Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends on one's interest.
3.广义上说，任何人作的工作都对社会有益。
In a broad sense , what anyone does is beneficial to the society.
In general , what one does is of social value.
4.劳作与工作之间的区别与体力劳动与脑力劳动的区别并不一样。
The difference between labor and work does not coincide with that between a manual and a mental job;
5.技术与劳动分工在许多领域结束了对熟练工的需求。
Technology and the division of labor have eliminated in many fields the need for skilled workers.

4、历年试题

 

1. The important of these_____(vary) according to the nature of one's life-style. (99.10)

答案： varies 。  

2. 汉译英：他被迫接受了一份他自己毫无兴趣的工作。

答案： He is compelled to take a job.

3. A man can not be really happy if what he enjoys____(do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. （ 00.10 ）

答案： doing 。考点： enjoy 后跟名词或动名词作宾语。

Translation

1. 一个人如果被社会强迫去做他不乐意的事情，他就不可能真正快乐。  

答： A man cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing.

2. 工作与劳动的区别不在于脑力劳动与体力劳动的区别。  

答： The difference between work and labor does not lie in the difference between mental and manual jobs.

3. 他说老板给他的工作他毫无兴趣。  

答： He says the job his boos offers him is of no interest to him.

4. 一个人是工作者还是劳动者可以从他对休闲的态度上看出来。   答案

答： Whether one is a worker or laborer can be seen form his attitude toward leisure.

5. 对他来说，休闲意味着没有强制。  

答： To him , leisure means freedom from compulsion.

 

UNIT 14

1、word study

capture,foster,avail,suspect,convince

① capture

vt.1、捕获；2、夺得，占领

Captured by the enemy, the soldiers were in danger of being shot.

战士们被敌人俘虏后处于被枪毙的危险。

It’s easier to capture the castle from within.

堡垒更容易从内部攻破。

n.1、捕获，夺得；2、捕获物

He lay perfectly still and played dead to escape capture by the enemy.

他一动不动地躺在地上装死，以逃避被敌人俘获。

The first capture of the day was a fox.

那天第一件猎物是一只狐狸。

② foster

vt.1、鼓励，促进；2、养育，抚养；3、报（希望等）

a.收养的

Some American films foster feelings of hatred between nations.

有些美国电影散播国家之间的仇恨情绪。

We fostered the boy while his mother was in hospital.

这男孩的母亲住院时，由我们抚养他。

The operation fostered hope in the patient.

手术使病人又产生了希望。

③ avail

vt./vi.有利，有助

to awail oneself of 意思是“利用”

The medicine didn’t avail against the disease.

这药对这种病没有产生疗效。

Talk will avail little without work.

光说不做没什么用处。

All our effort availed us little.

我们徒劳无功。

He quickly availed himself of the opportunity to win over supporters.

他迅速利用那次机会来争取支持者。

n.好处，用处。

We protested but to (或of) no avail.

我们提出了抗议，但没有效果。

④ suspect

vt.疑有；推测

suspect后面可接宾语从句，直接宾语，宾语后的行为用动词不定式或of介词短语表示。

He suspected a scheme against his life.

他怀疑有人要谋害他的性命。

The security department suspected him of giving information to a foreign company.

安全部门怀疑他向一家外国公司提供情报。

He was suspected to have got lung cancer.

他被怀疑得了肺癌。

Scientists suspect that the seismic instrument failed to monitor the shift of rock layers.

科学家们怀疑地震仪没能监视岩石层的移动。

There is reason to suspect that the death occurred between 6.30 and 7 o’clock last night.

n.嫌疑犯，可疑分子

Two suspects are now in prison in connection with the killing.

与杀人案有关的两个嫌疑犯已被关进监狱。

⑤ convince

vt.1、使确信，使信服；2、使认识错误（或罪行）

宾语后面可接动词不定式或of介词短语。

I can easily convince you of his ignorance.(=I can easily convince you that he is ignorant.)

我可以很容易地使你相信他的无知。

He was convinced to withdraw from running for the presidency.

他被说服退出总统竞选。

He was firmly convinced that risk accompanies decisions.

他坚信做决定总要冒风险。

 

2、常考句型

1、正是在凯瑟琳温斯顿衬衣口袋里发现的这盘微型卡式录音带使得警察找到了杀害她的凶手嫌疑人，也正是它展现了新泽西州的这位老师具有非凡的勇气和同情心。P1

It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein’s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. 本句是个强调句，另外注意found 的用法。

2、据警察推测，温斯顿正是在这里才得以打开放在她包里的录音机。P2

It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 本句是强调句。

3、3月17日一名徒步旅行者发现了温斯顿的尸体，她的手脚被捆绑着。P4

Weinstein’s body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker in March.

4、但在她死前，她没让歹徒知道，偷偷把微型录音机放进了自己的衣袋里。P4

But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it.

3、习题

 

一、词汇英译汉：
1.device 2.compassion 3.grab 4.belonging 5.threatening
6.convince 7. foster 8. persuasion 9. avail 10. suspect
11.profound . to convince sb. to do sth. . to comment on
二、句子英译汉：
1.~4.与常考句型相同。
5.Her powers of persuasion were to no avail.
6.He will not comment on LaSane's side of the conversation
三、汉译英：
1.她的劝说以失败而告终。
Her persuasions were to no avail. (end in a failure)
2.我们每人都应为他人做点事，付出点东西。
We all should do something for somebody, to give something back.
Each of us should do something for others, offer something to others .
3.这个年轻人的故事值得我们深思。
The story of the young man is worth thinking about.
4.女教师超人的勇气与同情心鼓舞许多学生为他人做好事。
The extraordinary courage and compassion of woman teacher encouraged many students to do good deeds for others...
5.一位具有非凡勇气的女教师与要杀她的凶手辩论。
The extraordinary courage woman teacher reasoned with her killer.

4、历年试题

 

1. It was there , the police believe,____she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.

A. until 　　B. which　　 C. that 　　D. when

答案： C 。 考点：本题主要考查强调句。

2. Her body, with hands and feet____(bind) , was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.

答案： bound 。考点：本题主要考查 with + 名词 + 过去分词 为独立结构做状语。

 

UNIT 15

1、word study

persist,ultimate,conquer,possess,distinguish between

① persist

vi.1、坚持，固执（in）；2、持续，存留

If you persist in ignoring my instructions, I shall have to punish you.

如果你坚持不听我的命令，我将不得不惩罚你。

On the tops of very high mountains snow persists throughout the year.

高山顶上的积雪终年不化。

② ultimate

a.最后的，最终的

We don’t know the ultimate result.

我不知道最终的结果。

Whether the universe has ultimate limits is still a question.

宇宙有无极限仍然是个有争议的问题。

His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain.

他的最终目标太遥远，又太模糊，难以实现。

③ conquer

vt.征服，战胜

Man can conquer nature.

人定胜天。

It is very difficult to conquer the cigarette habit.

烟很难戒掉。

vi.得胜，胜利

Despite their diffierences, their love will conquer.

尽管他们之间有种种分歧，他们的恋爱必会成功。

④ possess

vt.具有，拥有

Television possesses a unique magic.

电视具有独特的魔力。

He dreamed of possessing a fancy car.

他梦想拥有一辆很别致的汽车。

She possesses a little French.

她懂一点法语。

⑤ distinguish between

分辨，区分

It’s really a tough job to distinguish between these subtle differences of meaning.

把这些词义的细微差别区分开来确实是件很难办的事。

How do you distinguish between various species of deer?

你怎样区分不同种类的鹿？

2、常考句型

1、电脑能减少生命研究中的很多死胡同。P2

Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research.

2、电脑也不能把人和应该与人有关系的事情联系起来，例如别人痛苦的现实。

Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to – the reality of pain in others. 注意本句的倒装形式。并且注意“connect … to ”表示“把… 与…连接起来”。

3、在计算机化时代，这些问题之所以重要是因为人们可能倾向于把数据误认为智慧。P3

The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom. 本句中注意“tendency”后面要接动词不定式作定语。另外“mistake … for ”表示“把…错认为…”。

4、因为人类被计算机控制的危险固然存在，但人类若模仿计算机改造人类自身则更可怕。P9

For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.

3、习题

 

一、词汇英译汉：
1. solely 2. content 3. sensible 4. persist 5. vital
6. logic 7. evaluate 8. raw 9. ultimate 10.functional
11. extension 12. undue 13. concrete 14. conquer 15. error
16. prolong 17. technician 18. proof 19. possess
to pull down . to mistake…for . to distinguish between . to come to terms with
.to end in . to reflect on . to come about . to speculate on
二、句子英译汉：
1.~4. 与常考句型相同。
5.6.7.8.补充语法知识中的四个并列结构的句子
三、汉译英
1.计算机将人类带入了一个新时代
Computers have taken human beings into a new era.
The computer has brought man into a new age.
2.电脑能帮助解决生命研究中的许多问题。
Electronic brains can help to solve many problems involved in vital researches.
3.亚里士多德说过，诗人擅长描绘共性而专家只长于某一特性。
Aristotle said a poet has the advantage of describing the universal while a specialist is good at expressing only the particular.
4.现在有一种倾向，将计算机里的数据错当成智慧。
Now there is a tendency to mistake data in a computer for wisdom.
5.计算机在工业领域的应用使生产效率发生了惊人的变化。
The use of computers in industry has brought about remarkable changes in productivity.
The application of computer in the industrial fields has resulted in surprising changes in productivity.

Unit 15 课后单元自测
I.Word Spelling
1.跳跃，飞跃 n. l _ _ _
2.生命的，极其重要的 a. v _ _ _ _
3.坚持 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
4.征服，战胜 v. c _ _ _ _ _ _
5.普遍的 a. u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.延长 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
7.保护，捍卫 v. s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.拥有 v. p _ _ _ _ _ _
9.技术员 n. t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.模糊的，难解的 a. o _ _ _ _ _ _
11.真正的，真实的 a. g _ _ _ _ _ _
12.确定性 n. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.分析 n. a _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.生的，未加工的 a. r _ _
15.信心 n. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.次要的 a. s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.使结合 v. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.路线，航线 n. r _ _ _ _
19.经济学 n. e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.学生，瞳孔 n. p _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Computer may____(regard) as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it.
2.Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends____(involve) in vital research.
3.Facts are terrible things if left____(spread).
4.The number may be an irrelevant number until judgment____(pronounce).
5."Give me a good fruitful error, full of seeds,____(burst) with its own corrections,"Ferris Greenslet wrote,"You can keep your sterile truth for yourself."
6.The poet can help supply the subconscious with material____(enhance) its sensitivity.
7.They are actually the____(raw) of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic.
8.Man may fail____(distinguish) between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision.
9.The fastest____(grow) industry in America today may be the continuing professional education of highly schooled adults.
10.For 30 years, employers____(hire) graduates for their degrees rather than their abilities.
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.But the question persists ____the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are.
[A] when [B] how
[C] why [D] whether
2.There may be a tendency to mistake data ____wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic ____values.
[A] with with [B] for for
[C] with for [D] for with
3.It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence ____an extension of it.
[A] instead of [B] except for
[C] as well as [D] such as
4.It may foster the illusion that man is asking fundamental questions when actually he is asking only functional____.
[A] one [B] ones
[C] that [D] those
5.Men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring ____they found better approaches for dealing with it.
[A] though [B] while
[C] until [D] otherwise
6.The danger is not ____that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.
[A] so many [B] so much
[C] too many [D] too much
7.The ____of poets may enable the men to see a wider range of possibilities than technology alone may inspire.
[A] companion [B] companions
[C] company [D] companies
8.Easy and convenient ____to facts can produce unlimited good.
[A] access [B] advance
[C] advice [D] acceptance
9.It requires a very unusual mind to ____the analysis of a fact.
[A] undergo [B] underlie
[C] undertake [D] undermine
10.The poet can help to keep man from making himself ____in the image of the computer.
[A] out [B] over
[C] up [D] for
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.计算机可能使人们对具体问题的答案过分自信。
2.人们倾向于把智力和洞察力混为一谈。
3.人们可能意识不到自我接受的必要性。
4.诗人提醒人类注意自身的独特性。
5.对这个问题进行思索就是一个收获。

Unit 15
单元自测答案 
I.Word Spelling
1.leap 2.vital 3.persist
4.conquer 5.universal 6.prolong
7.safeguard 8.possess 9.technician
10.obscure 11.genuine 12.certainty
13.analysis 14.raw 15.confidence
16.secondary 17.integrate 18.route
19.economics 20.PupilⅡ.Word Form
1.be regarded 2.involved 3.spreading
4.is pronounced 5.bursting 6.to enhance
7.rawest 8.to distinguish 9.growing
10.have been hiring
Ⅲ.Vocabulary and Structure
1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B
Ⅳ.C-E Translation
1.The computer may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.
2.There is a tendency to confuse intelligence with insight. / Men tend to confuse intelligence with insight.
3.Men may not realize the need to come to terms with themselves.
4.The poet reminds men of their uniqueness.
5.To speculate on this question is a gain.

 

4、历年试题

 

1. In education , there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute_____effective thinking and wise judgement. （ 00.10 ）

A. at 　　B. in 　　C. for　　 D. to

答案： D 。 考点：本题主要考查词组 contribute to “有助于 … ”

2. All the characteristics that distinguish birds____other animals can be traced to prehistoric times. (02.4)

A.. to 　　B. between　　 C. for　　 D. from

答案： D 。 本题主要考查词组 distinguish … from “从 … 区别出”。

3. It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers______schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community. （ 02.10 ）

A. that 　　B. what 　　C. when 　　D. who  答案

答案： A 。 考点： 本句是一个主语从句，因此要填 that 。

Translation

1. 人们倾向于把智力和洞察力混为一谈。  

答： There is a tendency to confuse intelligence with insight. / Men tend to confuse intelligence with insight.

2. 我们对计算机技术的最大需要是提高速度和减少体积。  

答： Our biggest need in computer technology is not for increased speed and reduced size.  

3. 诗人提醒人类注意自身的独特性。  

答： The poet reminds men of their uniqueness.

4. 很遗憾他不能区别知识与智慧的不同。  

答： It is regrettable that he fails to distinguish between knowledge and intelligence.

5. 计算机可能使人们对具体问题的答案过分自信。  

答： The computer may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.

 

 

前10课是重点

课文重点句型复习 

三大原则：
1．吃透A课文，看懂B课文；
2．背熟可能考汉译英的句子；
3．关注含有重点语法的句子。
参考书：
《大学英语自学教程（下册）——自学与自测指导》（高远主编），北京航空航天大学出版社

Unit 1
 1． The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. P1
   2． Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. P2
   3． For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. P3
   4． But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. P4
   5． Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. P6
   6． Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. P6
   7． People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. P9
   8． The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment.
   9． She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.
   10． I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
   11． Although he thought he was helping us with the job, he was only in the way. 

Unit 2 

12． The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. P1
 13. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. P1
 14. Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. P2
 15. This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. P2
 16. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. P3
  17. Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. P5
 18. He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.
 19. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.
 20. The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.
 21. The research group launched out into a series of new experiments.

Unit 3

22. Each time it is shown, the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject. P3
   23. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met. P4
 24. In the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. P7
   25. Euthanasia doesn’t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.P8
    26. Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. P8
27. Instructions will be sent immediately on request.
28. Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.
29. She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone.
30. Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.
31. The committee demands that no member (should) be absent.

Unit 4

32. Of these 20,000,just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. P1
33. In one of them,  a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. P3
34. I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount. P4
35. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police. P6
36. Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. P8
37. So if they do complain, they risk being deported. P8
38. It is the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery. P9
39. The student exploits every possibility to learn English.
40. Our country is launching a campaign against waste.
41. We should be always aware of the status of world affairs.
42. There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for.

Unit 5

43. The new music was built out of materials already in existence. P1
44. They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources. P2
45. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. P2
46. In studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live. P3
47. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand. P3
48. Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment. P4
49． The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.
50． All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.

Unit 6 

51.Robots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. P1
52. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. P3
53.   Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. P4
54.Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. P6
55. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. P7
56. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. P7
57. His words cast a new light on the problem.
58. We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV.

Unit 7 

59. People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. P1
60. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especially as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual. P2
61. The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. P4
62. Experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life. P5
63. Such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use. P6
64. To impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways. P7
65. It can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure. P7
66. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. P9
67. You have to attach a label to a box while posting it.
68. We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.
69. He always has some positive ideas on company policy.

Unit 8 

70. The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. P1
71. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. P2
72. He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag. P3
73. Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it. P5
74. In time, the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. P8
75. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. P10
76. That is by no means the best way of proceeding.
77. He didn’t take alarm at the news.
78. The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.
79. He didn’t want to be tied to a steady job. 

Unit 9 

80. The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now. P3
    81. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized. P4
 82. There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. P4
    83.   Taken together,  these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. P5
    84. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere,… that we have grown so old. P6
    85. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. P6
    86. Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts.
    87. His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability.

Unit 10 

88.A minor-party or independent candidate,… can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them. P2
    89. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. P4
    90.  The slogan was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to  keep  the campaign focused on the nation’s slow-moving economy. P4
    91. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate’s personal characteristics. P5
    92. As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change. P4
   93. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy. P5
   94. The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world.
   95. You should save up money to make provision for the future.

Unit 11

96.  Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. P4
97.It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. P5
98. One experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg, leaving its leg paralysed. P10
99. Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. P11
100.The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested. P11
101. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. P12
102. I was surprised to see his room in such a litter.
103. The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.

Unit 12 

104.  Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies. P1
105. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. P1
106. As with anything carried to excess, daydreaming can be harmful. P2
107. There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. P2
108. Daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth, power of concentration, and the ability to interact and communicate with others. P3
109. Daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability. P5
110. Contrary to popular belief, constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is, in reality, one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it. P6
111. Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with, he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. P7
112. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them. P11
113. Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being. P13
114. Escape being impossible, the rabbit turned to confront the dog.
115. The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome.

Unit 13 

116. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.P1

117. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it. P1
118. What from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. P3
119. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. P3
 120. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say,its laborers,will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. P5
121. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. P5
122. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. P5
123. They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day.
124. The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case.

Unit 14 

125. The device, though, would do much more than capture a lecture. P1
126. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein’s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. P1
127. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw, the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. P2
128. It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. P2
129. Her power of persuasion were to no avail. P4
130. Weinstein’s body, with hands and feet bound, was discovered by a hiker in March.P4
131. Given her fate, the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it: Random Acts of Kindness. P5
132. The operation fostered hope in the patient.
133. We protested but to no avail.
134. He was firmly convinced that risk accompanies decisions.

Unit 15 

135. The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human proficiency. P1
136. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are….P1
137. There may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight.P3
138. To the extent, then, that man fail to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision, the computer could prove a digression. P5
139. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers. P5
140. …before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory, we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it. P6
 141. For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it. P9
142. Even to speculate on it is a gain. P10
143. If you persist in ignoring my instructions, I shall have to punish you.
144. His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain.
145. Despite their differences, their love will conquer.
146. It has taken him a long time to come to terms with the fact that he won''t be able to go to college.

 

 

 

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